Collective Nouns in Spanish

See in this selection how a singular noun can refer to a group of more than one person. Excerpt from news article: El Papa Francisco dejà ³ claro que su primer objetivo era estar con el pueblo. Y asà ­ fue. El vehà ­culo que llevaba al Santo Padre y a [presidenta brasileà ±a Dilma] Rousseff desde el aeropuerto hasta la ciudad avanzà ³ arropado por una multitud de gente que se acercaba a tratar de ver de cerca al  «Papa de los pobres », sin vallas de seguridad que los separase. (The bracketed description of Rousseff was added to the original for clarity here.) Source: ABC.es, a Madrid-based news site. Retrieved July 23, 2013. Suggested translation: Pope Francis made clear that his first goal was to be with the people. And so it was. The vehicle that transported the Holy Father and [Brazilian President Dilma] Rousseff from the airport toward the city proceeded while enveloped by a crowd of people who got near in order to see the pope of the poor from nearby without security barriers to separate them. Key grammatical issue: This selection shows how collective nouns — pueblo, multitud and gente — are singular in form even though they sometimes are translated as plurals. Although both pueblo and gente are translated here as people, note how in Spanish they are singular words. Pueblo is used with the singular definite article el, and the singular verbs se acercaba (from the reflexive verb acercarse) and separase (a subjunctive form of separar) go with multitud de gente. We do the same thing in English — the most common translations for multitud, crowd and multitude, are singular even though they refer to multiple people. If pueblo and gente seem confusing, its only because they arent translated here as singular terms (although in a different context pueblo could refer to a small town). Other notes on vocabulary and grammar: Personal titles in Spanish — such as doctora in la doctora Sà ¡nchez (Dr. Sà ¡nchez) and seà ±or in el seà ±or Robles (Mr. Robles) — are not capitalized, and it would have been acceptable here to write el papa Francisco instead of el Papa Francisco. However, it is not unusual to capitalize the titles of certain people, Catholic popes among them, out of respect. When talking about people using their titles, the definite article (such as el in el Papa Francisco or la in la doctora Sà ¡nchez) is used. If you were speaking to these people using their titles, however, you would not use the article. Dejar claro is an idiom meaning to make clear. Dejar en claro means the same thing and is more frequently used. Primer is the  apocopated form of primero. Llevar is a common verb typically meaning to carry.Note the double use of the personal a after llevaba. It is used here both before Santo Padre (al  is the combined form meaning a plus el) and before Rousseff. The perso nal a is also used before the phrase in angular quotes.The preposition desde often suggests motion from a place, in this case the airport. Motion toward is indicated by hacia.While was used in the translation for clarity. There is no equivalent word used here in the original Spanish. Arropado is the past participle of arropar, which typically means to wrap. However, it would be usual in English to say that someone was wrapped by a crowd. But the image the verb conveys is one of being closely surrounded, and enveloped seemed to work fine, although other phrases might have been used as well. Acercar usually means to bring nearer. In the reflexive form, as here, it usually means to approach or to get nearer. Tratar is a common verb often meaning to try. Angular quotation marks are used in the same way as standard double quotation marks. They are more common in publications from Spain than those from Latin America. Note how the comma after pobres is placed outside the quote marks rather than inside as it would be in American English. Valla is a word for fence. The term vallas de seguridad usually refers to small, metallic, portable fencelike structures that are used to control crowds and keep people in orderly lines.

Abraham Lincoln Essay - 576 Words

Abraham Lincoln, from the backwoods of Hodgenville Kentucky, rose to become one of the greatest presidents of the United States. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. A excellent politician, Lincoln was always looked upon for leadership for he put reason and thoughtful decisions behind his word.Abraham Lincoln, born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hawks on February 12, 1809, was conceived in a log cabin built by his father. Abe had one older sister, and a younger brother that died as an infant. The Lincoln family moved a lot, from Kentucky to Indiana, and back to Kentucky. Abe read a book titled Mason Locke Weemss Life and Memorable Actions of George†¦show more content†¦What might of made him fulfill this goal was the fact that he never lost confidence in himself. Years went by, and Abraham could not stand slavery any more, he was elected by the republican party to do something about it.On March 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as president of the United States of America at his first inaugural address. Soon after the Civil War began, and Abe had to take on a problem that is more severe than any preceding president. During his second year in office, on April 16, 1862, Lincoln finally signed a bill that abolished slavery throughout the land. On November 19, 1863, Lincoln was called to deliver a speech at the battle sight in Gettysburg. Although Lincolns speech was short, it was definitely a masterpiece.On April 14, 1865, a man by the name of John Wilkes Booth planned to assassinate Lincoln. Abe was at Fords theater in Washington watching Our American Cousin. Booth made his way to the box where Abe was seated, around ten thirty p.m. He put a pistol to Lincolns head a fired once, Abes body fell in his seat, and screams rang out quot;Lincoln is Dead.quot;That night as his wife stood by him, the doctors struggled to save Lincolns life. The very next morning, April 15,1865 Abraham Lincoln died, and a few hours later Vice President Andrew Jackson was sworn in.Of all of the presidents the most seems to be written about Abe. Although many sever evaluations were done on his life, it did not inShow MoreRel atedWheres Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?542 Words   |  2 Pagesnovels Pride and Prejudge and Zombies and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Grahame-Smith has collaborated on two film adaptations, Dark Shadows, and his own novel, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Seth Grahame-Smith and his wife, Erin, live in California with their two children Jacob and Joshua. 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Planning and Control and Pert Beta Distribution †Free Sample

Questions: Explore"Estimating With The Pert Beta Distribution". Answers: Company records show that the time taken to install a piece of equipment at customer facilities as follows: a. What is the expected time for the installation effort? Expected time for installation will be = Slowest time - Fastest time 20- 8 12 The expected time will be 12 hrs. b. What is the standard deviation associated with the installation effort? Standard deviation associated with the installation effort are as follows- = Where (20 8) / n 1 c. What is a practical interpretation for the results reported in 1a and 1b above? 1 a shows the expected hour within which the work is expected to be completed. 1 b stands for the calculation of the standard deviation. Where x is the value of the sample, is the summation and n 1 is the sample value 1. 2. Marsha is in charge of planning a large software development project. She is trying to estimate the cost of the design phase. She works with a group of five experienced designers and asks them to estimate the lowest cost, highest cost, and most typical cost possibilities. After an hour of spirited discussion, the group provides the following estimates: Lowest cost $30,000 Highest cost $50,000 Most likely cost $45,000 a. Using the PERT-Beta formula, what is the expected cost of the design effort? Pert Value (Minimum, Most likely, Maximum) Pert Value ($30000, $45000, $50000) b. What is anticipated standard deviation for the design effort? Anticipated Standard deviation = Most likely cost + highest cost lowest cost = $ 45000 + 50000-30000 = $ 45000 + 20000 = $ 75000 c. What is a practical interpretation for the results reported in 2a and 2b above? It is clear from the above that pert beta formula shows the minimum, most likely and the maximum cost of the design effort. Where standard deviation shows the deviation in the design effort. The standard deviation in the design effort is $ 75000 which is calculated in the above given manner. 3. Build-It-Quick house Construction Company has turned house-building into a science. The standard plan for framing the Excelsior Model house is to execute this effort in 10 working days. Depending on the details of site conditions, the number of carpenters needed to do the job varies slightly from job to job. as shown below: Fewest number of needed carpenters 3 Carpenters Largest number 10 Carpenters Most likely number 5 Carpenters a. Using the PERT-Beta formula, what is the expected number of needed carpenters? Expected no. of carpenters needed = (3 + 4*5 + 10)/6 = 5.5 or 6 no. of carpenters b. What is anticipated standard deviation for the number of needed carpenters? Anticipated standard deviation for no. of needed carpenters = (10 - 3)/6 = 1.17 c. What is a practical interpretation for the results reported in 3a and 3b above? The practical interpretation from the above results is that for the standard plan for framing the Excelsior Model house is to execute this effort in 10 working days, minimum 6 nos. of carpenters are required with a deviation of 1.17 no. of carpenters. 4. What are some dangers you see in relying on this estimating technique? The following are some of the dangers of relying on PERT-BETA estimating techniques: Initial estimations assumptions are not validated and thus not completely reliable and may be prone to errors. Lot of time and energy is required to draw initial assumptions numbers which make it not feasible for the management to adopt. The practical applicability of the technique is quiet debatable and many a times challenged by the scholars. It is believed by the researchers that the actual mean values calculated by this technique are often under estimated and thus may increase the risk to the management instead of reducing the risk. 5. Using your imagination and/or experience, describe another way to estimate task duration, cost, or manpower requirements The possible alternative to the estimation of task duration, cost and manpower requirements apart from PERT-BETA technique is as mentioned below: Standard-Delphi-Method: This technique is a survey technique in which the survey is guided by the monitor group and it comprises of a several rounds of surveys with group of experts. After each survey round, using statistical group judgement mean and medians of the estimates are calculated. This technique is mostly used in cases where the content of the issues are unclear and unknown. Using this technique management is able to give estimations about the study. It is more of a psychological model than of mathematical model for estimations. The use of this technique is more sensible when the management wants to assess long-term issues. 6. Note that good estimates can be made by guessing the values of only three parameters (best case, worst case, most likely case). Why is this a tremendous advantage? Good estimates can be made by guessing the values of only three parameters i.e. Best case, Worst case and most likely case. Guessing only three parameters is of tremendous advantage as it is consistent with the general psychological capability of the persons who thinks and develops any situation as a pessimistic person or optimistic person or average person thereby the people are able to align the technique with the general conditions present in the environment.